Protective Agents. A synthetic or natural substance given to prevent disease or disability or used in the process of treating illness or injury caused by toxic substances.
What is protective agent with example?
Protective Agent.
| Carbohydrate | Cryoprotective mechanism | Protein |
|---|---|---|
| Polyethylene glycol | Lowers residual moisture content in samples | Sorbitol |
| Dextran | Allows rapid water equilibration and prevents intracellular freezing | Inositol |
| Starch | Reduces water-binding capacity of samples, polyglucose | butanol |
What is a protective agent chemistry?
b) Protectants are chelating agents that prevent chemical interferences by forming a stable but volatile combination with analite.
Which of the following is used as GI protective and adsorbent?
Substances that protect the mucosal lining of GIT are called adsorbents and protectants. Milk nitrites of bismuth. These are chemically inert substances used to treat mild diarrhea or dysentery of GIT because of their ability to adsorb gases, toxins, and bacteria.
What is protective agent in herbal drug technology?
Synthetic or natural substances administered to prevent diseases or disorders, or used in the process of treating diseases or injuries caused by toxic agents. Fluorescent agents used in the reduction and prevention of oxaphosphorin-induced toxicity in the urinary tract.
How do releasing agents remove chemical interferences?
Release Agents. Some chemicals produce chemical interferences in atomic absorption spectroscopy. Release agents are used to remove these interferences. These are cations that react preferentially with the interference and prevent chemical interferences through their interaction with the analyte.
What is spectral interference?
Spectral interference, or spectral overlap, is a term used by scientists interested in examining the emission wavelengths of elements and classifying data from sources of excited ions containing a mixture of elements.
What are absorbent and protective?
Adsorbent and Protection – Substances – protecting the mucous membrane lining of the GIT – referred to as adsorbents and protection. Examples: bismuth subcarbonate VPC, kalyan. Adsorbents and protection Substances that protect the mucosal lining of the GIT are called adsorbents and protection.
Which is used both acidifying agent and expectorant?
It is both acidic and expectorant option 1: potassium iodide option 2: sodium tartrate option 3 ammonium chloride option 4 dil.
How do mucosal protective agents work?
The way it works is to form a protective barrier over the ulcer, preventing damage by stomach acid. In addition, like its prostaglandin analogues, sucralfate also stimulates mucosal protective mechanisms and bicarbonate production.
What is herbal drug industry?
It is estimated that nearly 960 plant species are used in the Indian herbal industry, with industry sales of over Rs. 80 billion. Herbal exports include medicines from Ayush (Ayurvedic, Unani, Siddha, and homeopathic) products, which account for 3% of India’s pharmaceutical exports.
What is ionization interference?
Ionization interference is a phenomenon that indicates a change in radiative intensity; when coexisting elements include easily ionizable elements such as Na, K, Rb, and Cs, the ionization equilibrium is shifted. Typically, this results in an increase in the intensity of the neutral system and a decrease in the intensity of the ionic system.
What is matrix interference?
Matrix interference can mean a positive or negative effect when measuring the concentration of a substance in a sample that produces erroneous results for an analyte.
How can spectral interference be prevented?
Avoidance: ICP-OE Some modern ICP instruments have the ability to avoid spectral interferences by going to a separate line. Many instruments can make simultaneous measurements on several lines of 70 or more elements at the same time as they used to make measurements on a single line/element combination.
What is a mold release?
The mold release agent works by creating a barrier between the substrate and the mold surface. This barrier eliminates adhesion between the two materials, prevents mold damage, and ensures quick and easy release from the mold. The coating is applied to the mold surface before the substrate is cast.
What is principle of flame photometry?
The principle of the flame photometer is based on the measurement of the light intensity emitted when metal is introduced into the flame. The color wavelength provides information about the elements and color of the flame and provides information about the amount of elements present in the sample.
What is matrix effects AAS?
Matrix Interference. Matrix interferences are physical interferences that can suppress or enhance the absorbance signal of an analyte. It occurs when components of the sample matrix other than the analyte react to form molecular species and sample background.
What are the sources of impurity?
Various sources of impurities in pharmaceuticals are reagents, heavy metals, ligands, catalysts, filter aids, other materials such as charcoal, degraded end products obtained after bulk drug production by hydrolysis, photolytic cleavage, oxidative degradation. , decarboxylation, …
Which substance protects the mucosal barrier of the stomach?
In the stomach, several mucosal defense mechanisms protect the stomach from hydrochloric acid and harmful agents. Pre-epithelial protection consists of a mucus-carbonate barrier. Mucus and bicarbonate secreted by mucous cells create a pH gradient that maintains the epithelial cell surface at a near-rule pH.
Which drug increases production of gastric mucus?
Rebamipide, a cytoprotective agent, increases gastric mucus secretion in humans: evaluation by endoscopic gastrin test – PMC. Government means it is a formula.
What is gastric mucosal?
The gastric mucosa is the mucosal layer of the stomach and contains glands and gastric pits. In humans, it is about 1 mm thick and its surface is smooth, soft, and velvety. It is composed of a simple columnar epithelium, an intrinsic layer, and muscular mucosa. Gastric mucosa.
How do NSAIDs lead to gastritis?
When NSAIDs irritate the gastric mucosa, they weaken its resistance to acid, causing gastritis, ulcers, bleeding, or perforation. Damage can range from superficial injury to single or multiple ulcers, some of which may bleed.
What is Schedule T?
Schedule T is defined as the schedule of drug and cosmetic laws and rules representing the superior manufacturing operations of ASU (Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani) medicines and the areas required for facilities, required specifications, qualifications, recommended machinery, equipment, etc.
Who invented herbal medicine?
Written records on medicinal plants dating back at least 5, 000 years to the Sumerians, who described well established medicinal uses for plants such as laurel, caraway, and thyme [4], archaeological studies indicate that the practice of herbal medicine dates 60, 000 years ago in Iraq and 8,000 years back in …
What is lambda max?
Lambda Max (lambdaMax.): wavelength at which a substance has the strongest photon absorption (the highest point along the y-axis of the spectrum). This UV-visible spectrum of lycopene has λMax. = 471 nm.
What is maximum temperature in flame atomizer?
flame atomizer
| Fuel | Oxidant | Temperature range (oC) |
|---|---|---|
| Natural Gas | Air | 1700-1900 |
| Hydrogen | Air | 2000-2100 |
| Acetylene | Air | 2100-2400 |
| Acetylene | Nitrous oxide | 2600-2800 |
What is background absorption?
If something else in the sample (matrix) reduces the intensity of radiation from the source, either by scattering or molecular absorption, it cannot be distinguished from the analyte. In this article, this is referred to as background absorption, regardless of whether the source of the signal is scattering or absorption.
What is background correction?
Background correction (BGC) is an important part of analytical analysis. Spectral background, which is usually a nonspecific signal, is superimposed on the analyte-specific signal and must be excluded to obtain a net analyte signal.
How do you stop a matrix effect?
Matrix effects can be reduced simply by injecting a small amount of sample or diluting the sample (11,12). However, this approach is only feasible if the assay is very sensitive (12).
What causes the matrix effect?
Matrix effects are often caused by changes in the ionization efficiency of the target analyte in the presence of co-eluting compounds in the same matrix. Matrix effects can be observed as a loss of response (ion suppression) or an increase in response (ion enhancement).
What causes cross talk?
Electromagnetic (EM) crosstalk is interference caused by an electromagnetic signal affecting another electronic signal. Engineers sometimes refer to this phenomenon as coupling or noise.
What causes electrical interference?
Electrical interference can be caused by loose connections or faulty wiring behind walls, panels, or outlets. Have a qualified electrician inspect the wiring system to identify and eliminate interference conditions.
Which is correct order of AAS?
A standard AAS instrument consists of four components: sample introduction area, light source (radiation), monochromator or polychromator, and detector (Figure 1).
What is spectral overlap?
Spectral overlap refers to the phenomenon when a fluorophore fluoresces and “spills over” into the detector channel, where it is not expected to appear in the detection channel. This occurs because most fluorochromes have very broad emission spectra.
Can I use Pam as a mold release?
Any cooking oil or cooking spray, such as Pam cooking spray, olive oil canola oil, vegetable oil, etc. can act as a mold release agent. Do not use too much mold release agent as it will cause defects in the mold (wipe off the pool or access) ).
What will resin not stick to?
Silicone, vinyl, or rubber The most popular molds for DIY enthusiasts are silicone molds, which do not stick to epoxy resins.
What can ICP detect?
Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) is an elemental analysis technique that can detect most of the periodic table of elements at the milligram to nanogram per liter level.
What is ked mode in ICP-MS?
Kinetic energy discrimination (KED) is one means of controlling cell formation interferences in collision/reaction cell ICP-MS and is also a technique for reducing polyatomic ion interferences originating from the plasma or vacuum interface in collision cell ICP-MS.
Which gas is used in flame photometer?
A variety of fuels can be used in flame photometry, typically air, oxygen, or nitrous oxide (N2O) is used as the oxidant. Flame temperature depends on the ratio of fuel oxidants. Certain fuel gas and air combinations produce lower temperatures than when O2 is used as the oxidant.
Which detector is used in flame photometer?
Flame photometric detectors or GC-FPDs are a technique used to analyze compounds containing sulfur or phosphorus and metals such as tin, boron, arsenic, and chromium. FPD uses a hydrogen/air flame through which the sample passes.
Why is standard addition used?
The standard addition method is used to minimize the influence of the matrix on the measurement signal. This is done by adding an exact amount of known sample solution to the sample.
What is matrix interference?
Matrix interference can mean a positive or negative effect when measuring the concentration of a substance in a sample that produces erroneous results for an analyte.
What is called adsorbent?
Solids used to adsorb gases or dissolved substances are called adsorbents. The adsorbed molecules are usually referred to collectively as the adsorbate. An example of a good adsorbent is charcoal, which is used in gas masks to remove toxins and impurities from the air stream.
What are adsorbent and protective?
Adsorbent and Protection – Substances – protecting the mucous membrane lining of the GIT – referred to as adsorbents and protection. Examples: bismuth subcarbonate VPC, kalyan. Adsorbents and protection Substances that protect the mucosal lining of the GIT are called adsorbents and protection.
What is the difference between acidifiers and antacids?
Acidifiers are used in antimicrobial agents such as formic acid, acetic acid, and lactic acid. Dilute HCL is used as an acidifying agent. Antacid: Definition: An antacid is a substance that neutralizes the acidity of the stomach and relieves heartburn and upset stomach during digestion.
What are the types of acidifiers?
Acidifiers are compounds classified as organic or inorganic acids. Organic acids include formic, fumaric, lactic, benzoic, propionic, and citric acids. Inorganic acids include hydrochloric, sulfuric, and phosphoric acids.
What are the three types of impurities?
There are three types of impurities in pharmaceuticals: organic solvents, inorganic solvents, and residual solvents. Most of these impurities are caused by manufacturing processes, degradation, storage conditions, excipients, or contamination.